Libraries

Style Guide Explanation and Citation Guides

The Basic Rules for APA Style

Cite the sources used in your paper according to the style and format assigned by your instructor. The following examples of in-text and reference citations are written using the American Psychological Association (APA) Style Manual and are just a few examples of use of the American Psychological Association Style Manual. This list does not (or cannot) represent all of the situations you may encounter when citing your sources. Use these basic citation forms and examine the examples that follow. Consult the following sources for more complete information and examples:

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. 7th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (2021). APA style. (Updated to 7th edition).

General Notes:

The citation examples in this guide demonstrate "hanging indention." This means that the first line of each entry is flush to the left-hand margin, but each subsequent line in the entry is indented five character spaces (one half inch).

In general, double spacing is required throughout the document, but check with your instructor.

If a source does not provide a particular piece of information (i.e., no author's name is listed), skip it and move to the next element of the citation.

Remember, the reason for citing sources is to give credit to their authors and to provide your readers with enough information to locate that source for further reading.

Use italics to identify the titles of publications (books, magazines, newspapers, etc.)

Capitalize all major words in journal titles.

When referring to books, chapters, articles, or web pages, capitalize only the first letter of the title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or dash, and all proper nouns.

Basic Format for Print Sources:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Title of work. City, State: Publisher.

Basic Format for Library Online Databases:

When doi (digital object identifier) is assigned:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, pp-pp. doi: xx.xxxxxxxxxx When no doi is assigned:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, pp-pp. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxxx

Basic Format for Online Sources:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Date). Title. Website name. Retrieved insert date retrieved, from URL

Caution: Before assuming that a Web source has no author, do some detective work. Often the author's name is available but may be hard to find. For example, it may appear at the end of the source, in tiny print, or it may appear on another page of the site, such as the home page.

A Few Notes About In-Text Citations:

All sources that are cited in your paper must appear in the Reference List.

When you directly quote from a work you must include the author's last name, the date of publication and the page number where the quote is located in the work. (Author's last name, date, p. xx).

Direct quotes longer than 40 words should be indented 1/2 inch from the left margin. The quote should be doubled-spaced and appear as a separate paragraph from your own writing. Do not use quotation marks around the quote as the indention implies it is a quote.

If you refer to the author in the sentence, place the year of publication in parentheses after the author's last name and include the page number in parentheses after the quote. Example: Author Rip Esselstyn (2009) states that "medical science has shown us that the American diet is unhealthy" (p. 65).

When paraphrasing an author's thoughts or ideas, you need only to include the author's last name and the date of publication, although the APA highly encourages the addition of the page number.

If a work does not have page numbers, use paragraph numbers or find another way to indicate where in the document the quote is located.

Examples

Books: One Author

Reference List Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Title. City, State: Publisher.

Van Willigen, J. (1998). Tobacco culture. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.

In-Text Citation: (Van Willigen, 1998, p. 45).

Books: Two Authors

Reference List Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., & Second Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Title. City, State: Publisher.

Giaquinto, C. & Albano, R. (2006). Success! in dental assisting. (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

In-Text Citation: (Giaquinto & Albano, 2006, p. 54).

Books: Edited

Reference List Format:

Editor's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Ed.). (Year). Title. City, State: Publisher.

Conard, M. (Ed.). (2006). The philosophy of film noir. (5th ed.). Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press.

In-Text Citation: (Conard, 2006, p. 138).

eBooks

Item available in electronic format only:

Reference List Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (n.d.). Title. Retrieved from: http://www.xxxxxxxx

*Note: "Available from" may be used in place of "Retrieved from" if the eBook cannot be viewed in its entirety from a website. You should include the URL where a person could purchase or retain access to the eBook.

le Roy, P. (n.d.). Tamerlane's grave. Available from: http://onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=318&action=setvar&vartype=history& varname=bookmark&v1=1&v2=45&v3=1

In-Text Citation: (le Roy, n.d., p. 15).

Electronic version of a print book:

Reference List Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Date). Title. Retrieved from: http://www.xxxxxxxx

Stockett, K. (2009). The help. Available from: http://www.amazon.com/The-Help- ebook/dp/B002YKOXB6 /ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1313083153&sr=1-1

In-Text Citation: (Stockett, 2009, p. 367)

Encyclopedia or Dictionary Entry

Reference List Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Date). Entry title. In Title of reference work. (Volume, Pages). City, State: Publisher.

Fain, S. D. (2006). Teaching. In World Book encyclopedia. (Vol. 19, pp. 65-70). Chicago, IL: World Book, Inc.

In-Text Citation: (Fain, 2006. p. 66).

Motion Picture

Reference List Format:

Producer's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Producer), & Director's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Director). (Year). Title. [Motion Picture]. Country where it was made: Name of Studio.

Spielberg, S., Royce, I., Gordon, M., Levinson, G. (Producers), & Spielberg, S. (Director). (2004). Saving Private Ryan. [Motion Picture]. United States: DreamWorks Pictures.

In-Text Citation: (Spielberg, 2004).

Journal: Multiple Authors

Reference List Format:

Authors' Last Names with First and Middle Initials. (Year). Title of article. Journal title, Volume(Issue number), Page Numbers.

Peabody, E., Suszkiw, J., & Durham, S. (2006). Killer fungi. Agricultural Research, 54(10), 6-8.

In-Text Citation: (Peabody, Suszkiw, & Durham, 2006, p. 7).

Subscription Databases (EBSCOhost, ProQuest, etc.)

Reference List Format:

Authors' Last Names with First and Middle Initials. (Year.) Title of article. Journal title, Volume(Issue number), Page Numbers.

Example 1:

Snedker, K. A. (2006). Altruistic and vicarious fear of crime: Fear for others and gendered social roles. Sociological Forum, 21(2), 163-195. doi: 10.1007/s11206-006-9019-1

Example 2:

Howe, J. (2006, December 25). Your web, your way. Time, 168(26), 60.

*Please note that for magazines, the month (and day, if available) is included in the citation.

In-Text Citation: (Snedker, 2006, p. 171).

Website

Reference List Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Date). Title of periodical or web site. Website name. Retrieved insert date retrieved, from URL

Rosseter, R. (2006, December 6). Student enrollment rises in U.S. nursing colleges and universities for the 6th consecutive year. Nursing World. Retrieved January 5, 2007, from http://www.aacn.nche.edu/Media/NewsReleases/06Survey.htm.

In-Text Citation: (Rosseter, 2006, para. 7).

Personal Communications

Reference List Format:

E-mail messages, letters, personal interviews, telephone conversations, and other personal communications are not included in the Reference List. Cite personal communication in the text only. If your instructor, however, requires personal communications be included in the Reference List, you may use the following form:

Smith, H. (2005, July 12). Personal communication.

In-Text Citation: used in place of a Reference citation:

Example 1:

According to library director Harold Smith (personal communication, July 12, 2010), the new carpeting will be installed by the summer of 2006.

Example 2:

She said I would not be eligible for financial aid because I did not fill out the proper paperwork (N. Roland, personal communication, August 4, 2011).

Additional Resources:

Citation Guide: U.S. Congressional Documents Library of Congress

Introduction to Basic Legal Citation by Peter W. Martin (Cornell Law School)

Citing Maps and Atlases North Carolina State University Libraries

OWL Online Writing Lab Purdue University English Department

Does not need to be cited:

Common knowledge
Well-known quotations or proverbs
Your own ideas and discoveries

Needs to be cited:

Direct quotations
Paraphrases or summaries
Another person's ideas
Statistics, charts, tables, and graphs

10/31/12

The Basic Rules for Chicago Style

You are to cite the sources you use in your paper, according to the style and format assigned by your instructor. The following examples of in-text and reference citations are just a few examples of use of The Chicago Manual of Style and do not represent all of the situations you may encounter when citing your sources. Please note that there are two documentation styles described in The Chicago Manual of Style. This Learning Unit discusses only Documentation I: Notes and Bibliography. Should your professor require you to use Documentation II: Author- Date References, you should consult The Chicago Manual of Style located in the library's Reference section. Consult the following sources for more complete information and examples:

The Purdue Online Writing Lab. "Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition." Purdue University Online Writing Lab. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/01/.

General Notes:

Some citation examples in this guide demonstrate "hanging indention." This means that the first line of each entry is flush to the left-hand margin, but each subsequent line in the entry is indented five character spaces. Hanging indention only applies to the Bibliography found at the end of your paper.

For footnotes and endnotes, the margin should be set to the left and the first line of each note should be indented five spaces (use the tab key). The indention applies even if the note is only one line long. Microsoft Word automatically sets the margins for footnotes.

Each time you quote or paraphrase someone's work, you must place a note at the end of the clause or sentence. This information shows the reader which corresponding note at the bottom of the page holds the citation information. To add a footnote in Microsoft Word, place the cursor where you want the footnote to appear. Click on the "References" tab from the toolbar, and then click on the icon label AB1 Insert Footnote. Clicking the icon will insert a footnote into your document and automatically move the cursor to the end of the document. Next, enter the "Notes Format" citation at the bottom of the page. To exit the footnote area, click back into the main document.

When citing the same source more than once consecutively, the footnote text should read "Ibid." (Do not use the quotation marks.) If you are using the same source but the information is located on a different page, use "Ibid., page number." See the example below for more information.

If you cite a source more than once in your paper but the citations are not consecutive, you may use a shortened citation. Shortened citations may only be used if you have already entered a full citation for the work earlier in the same paper. The shortened citation need only include the author(s) last name(s), a shortened title of the work, and the page number. Try to limit the shortened title to four words. Please see the examples below.

If a source does not provide a particular piece of information (i.e., no author's name is listed), skip it and move to the next element of the citation.

Remember you cite sources to give credit to their authors and to provide your readers with enough information to locate that source for further reading.

Use italics to identify the titles of publications (books, magazines, newspapers, etc.).

The URL's must be set so that the hot links are no longer active.

Basic Format for Print Sources (Bibliography):

Author's Last Name, First Name. Title. City, State: Publisher, Year.

Basic Format for Online Sources (Bibliography):

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Web Page." Name of website or publishing organization. Publication date and/or accession date if available. URL.

Caution: Before assuming that a Web source has no author, do some detective work. Often the author's name is available but may be hard to find. For example, it may appear at the end of the source, in tiny print, or it may appear on another page of the site, such as the home page.

Examples

Books: One Author

Bibliography Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name. Title. City, State: Publisher, Date.

Van Willigen, John. Tobacco Culture. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1998.

Notes Format:

1. Author's First Name Last Name, Title (City, State: Publisher, Date), page number(s).

John Van Willigen, Tobacco Culture (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1998), 45.

Shortened Citation:

Van Willigen, Tobacco Culture, 49.

Books: Two Authors

Bibliography Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name, and Second Author's First Name Last Name. Title. City, State: Publisher, Date.

Giaquinto, Chris, and Robert Albano. Success! in Dental Assisting. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2006.

Notes Format:

1. Author's First Name Last Name and Second Author's First Name Last Name, Title (City, State: Publisher, Date), page number(s).

Chris Giaquinto and Robert Albano, Success! in Dental Assisting (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2006), 241-251.

Shortened Citation:

Giaquinto and Albano, Success! in Dental Assisting, 266.

Books: Edited

Bibliography Format:

Editor's Last Name, First Name, ed. Title. City, State: Publisher, Date.

Conard, Michael, ed. The Philosophy of Film Noir. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press, 2006.

Notes Format:

1. Editor's First Name Last Name, ed., Title (City, State: Publisher, Date), page number(s).

Michael Conard, ed., The Philosophy of Film Noir (Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press, 2006), 42.

Ibid. Example:

Ibid.

3. Ibid., 58.

eBooks

eBooks downloaded from a library or bookseller are cited exactly as print books with the addition of a media marker at the end of the citation (Kindle edition, PDF eBook, etc.). When citing eBooks consulted online, include the URL, or the doi (digital object identifier - if available). The URL/doi should be the last part of the full citation.

Additionally, because electronic resources may have differing page numbers than their print counterparts, it is important to include enough information in the citation that the person can find the quoted material easily. This can be done by including a chapter number instead of, or in addition to, a page number.

Bibliography Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name. Title. City, State: Publisher, Year. Media marker. Author's Last Name, First Name. Title. City, State: Publisher, Year. doi:xx.xxxxxxx

Burnette, Mildred. Perfect Passwords. Rockland, MA: Syngress, 2006. Kindle edition.

Notes Format:

1. Author's First Name Last Name, Title (City, State: Publisher, Date), Kindle edition, chap. x.

2. Author's First Name Last Name, Title (City, State: Publisher, Date), http://www.xxxxxxx.com.

1. Mildred Burnette, Perfect Passwords (Rockland, MA: Syngress, 2006), doi:10.1093/acprof.oso/9780195365825.001.0001

Film, Television, Other Recorded Mediums

Bibliography Format:

Writer's Last Name, Writer's First Name. Title. Directed/Performed by First Name Last Name. Original Release Year. City, State: Studio/Distributor, Video Release Year. Medium.

Rodat, Robert. Saving Private Ryan. Directed by Steven Spielberg. 1998. Tempe, AZ: DreamWorks, 2004. DVD.

Notes Format:

1. Writer's First Name Last Name, Title, Directed by First Name Last Name (Original Release Year; City, State: Studio/Distributor, Video Release Year), Medium.

1. Robert Rodat, Saving Private Ryan, Directed by Steven Spielberg (1998; Tempe, AZ: DreamWorks, 2004), DVD.

Journal: Multiple Authors

Bibliography Format:

First Author's Last Name, First Name, and Second Author's First Name Last Name. "Title of article." Journal title Volume, no. x (Issue Date): Page Numbers.

Peabody, Elizabeth, Jerome Suszkiw, and Sharon Durham. "Killer Fungi." Agricultural Research 54, (2006): 6-8.

Notes Format:

1. Author's First Name Last Name and Second Author's First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Journal Title Volume, no. x (Issue Date): Page Numbers.

1. Elizabeth Peabody, Jerome Suszkiw, and Sharon Durham, "Killer Fungi," Agricultural Research 54, (2006): 6-8.

Subscription Databases (EBSCOhost, ProQuest, etc.)

Bibliography Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Journal Title Volume, no. x (Issue Date): Page number. Access date. URL or doi.

Snedker, Karen A. "Altruistic and Vicarious Fear of Crime: Fear for Others and Gendered Social Roles." Sociological Forum 21, no. 2 (2006): 163-195. Accessed August 15, 2011. doi:10.1007/s11206-006-9019-1

Notes Format:

1. Author's First Name Last Name, "Title of Article," Journal Title Volume, no. x (Issue Date): Page Numbers. Access date. doi:xx.xxxxx.

Karen A. Snedker, "Altruistic and Vicarious Fear of Crime: Fear for Others and Gendered Social Roles," Sociological Forum 21, no. 2 (2006): 163-195. Accessed August 15, 2011. doi:10.1007/s11206-006-9019-1.

Shortened Citation:

Snedker, "Altruistic and Vicarious Fear of Crime," 194.

**A Note About Access Dates**

In some instances, the "Access Date" is not required in the citation. Check with your professor to see which he/she prefers.

Website

Bibliography Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name. “Title of Web Page.” Publishing Organization or Name of Web Site. Publication date and/or access date if available. URL.

Liddon, Angela. "How to Make Homemade Pizza Dough." Oh She Glows. Accessed August 15, 2011. http://ohsheglows.com/2011/08/02/how-to-make-homemade-pizza-dough/.

Notes Format:

Author's First Name Last Name, “ Title of Web Page,” Publishing Organization or Name of Web Site, publication date and/or access date if available, URL.

Angela Liddon, "How to Make Homemade Pizza Dough," Oh She Glows, accessed August 15, 2011, http://ohsheglows.com/2011/08/02/how-to-make-homemade-pizza-dough/.

For more examples please visit the Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide.

Additional Resources:

Citation Guide: U.S. Congressional Documents Library of Congress

Introduction to Basic Legal Citation by Peter W. Martin (Cornell Law School)

Citing Maps and Atlases North Carolina State University Libraries

Does not need to be cited:

Common knowledge
Well-known quotations or proverbs
Your own ideas and discoveries

Needs to be cited:

Direct quotations
Paraphrases or summaries
Another person's ideas
Statistics, charts, tables, and graphs

10/31/12

The Basic Rules for MLA Style

You are to cite the sources you use in your paper, according to the style and format assigned by your instructor. The following examples of in-text and reference citations are written using the Modern Language Association (MLA) style and are just a few of the uses of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers and do not (or cannot) represent all of the situations you may encounter when citing your sources. Use these basic citation forms and examine the examples that follow. Consult the following sources for more complete information and examples:

Russell, Tony, Allen Brizee, and Elizabeth Angeli. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL. Purdue University Writing Lab, 9 Aug. 2010. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/. Accessed 13 June 2022.

In 2021, the MLA published the 9th edition of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. If you have used the MLA before and are using this Learning Unit to refresh your skills, beware as this new edition introduces a number of changes.

Whether this is your first experience with the MLA format or not, please follow the examples listed below.

General Notes:

In general, double spacing is required throughout the document (including the Works Cited list), but check with your instructor.

If a source does not provide a particular piece of information (i.e., no author's name is listed), skip it and move to the next element of the citation.

Remember you cite sources to give credit to their authors and to provide your readers with enough information to locate that source for further reading.

Place titles of publications (books, magazines, newspapers, etc.) in italics.

Basic Format for Print Sources:

Author's Last Name, First Name. Title. City, State: Publisher, Date.

Basic Format for Library Online Databases:

Use the same format that you would use for print sources (books, journals, popular magazines, etc.) as previously shown with the additional information below:

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Periodical Title Volume Number, Issue Number, Year of Publication: Page Numbers. Database, URL. Date of Access.

**MLA recommends Adding the URL, but it is at the discretion of your Instructor.**

Basic Format for Online Sources:

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Page." Name of Website. Publisher of Site, Date of Publication. URL. Date of access.

For in-text citations that do not have an author listed, use the article title.

Examples

Books: One Author

Works Cited Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name. Title. City, State: Publisher, Date.

Van Willigen, John. Tobacco Culture. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1998.

In-Text Citation: (Van Willigen 45).

Books: Two Authors

Works Cited Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name, and Second Author's First Name Last Name. Title. City, State: Publisher, Date.

Giaquinto, Carol and Roberta Albano. Success! in Dental Assisting. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2016.

In-Text Citation: (Giaquinto and Albano 45).

Books: Edited

Works Cited Format:

Editor's Last Name, First Name, ed. Title. City, State: Publisher, Date.

Conard, Mark, ed. The Philosophy of Film Noir. 5th ed. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press, 2016.

In-Text Citation: (Conard 138).

E-books

Works Cited Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name. Title . City, State: Publisher, Date. Name of Database. URL. Date of Access.

Burnette, Mark. Perfect Passwords. Rockland, MA: Syngress, 2006. eLibrary. www.eLibrary.com/123455. Accessed 4 September 2017.

In-Text Citation: (Burnette 45).

Encyclopedia or Dictionary Entry

Works Cited Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Entry title." Title of reference work , edition number ed. Vol. City, State: Publisher, Date.

Volume and page numbers are not needed if the entries are arranged in alphabetical order. Fain, Steven. "Teaching." World Book Encyclopedia. New York, NY: World Book, 2006.

In-Text Citation: (Fain).

Film, Videotape, or DVD

Works Cited Format:

Title. Dir. Director's Name. Perf. Performers Names. Distributor, Year of Distribution.

Saving Private Ryan. Dir. Steven Spielberg. Perf. Tom Hanks, Edward Burns, Matt Damon, and Tom Sizemore. DreamWorks Pictures, 2004.

If you are specifically recognizing a person's contribution to a film, start the citation with that person's information.

Williams, John, composer. Saving Private Ryan. Dir. Steven Spielberg. Perf. Tom Hanks, Edward Burns, Matt Damon, and Tom Sizemore. DreamWorks Pictures, 2004.

In-Text Citation: According to the MLA Handbook, "If you wish to cite an entire work...such as a film, television broadcast, or performance...it is often preferable to include in the text, rather than in a parenthetical reference, the name of the person (e.g., author, editor, director, performer) that begins the corresponding entry in the works-cited list" (220).

Examples:

Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan represents...

Composer John Williams' score in Saving Private Ryan really added to the...

Journal: Multiple Authors

Works Cited Format:

First Authors' Last Name, First Name, et al. "Title of Article." Journal Title Volume, Issue number, Year, Pages.

Peabody, Erin, et al. "Killer Fungi." Aural Researchgricult, vol.54, no.10, 2016, pp. 6-8.

In-Text Citation: (Peabody et al. 7).

Subscription Databases (EBSCOhost, ProQuest, etc.)

*Article in an online-only Scholarly Journal:*

Works Cited Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Article Title." Journal title Volume, Issue Number, Year, Pages. Database, URL/Permalink. Date Accessed.

Guinier, Lani. "Rethinking Power, Rethinking Theater." Theater vol.31, no.3, 2001, pp 30-45. ProQuest, https://libproxy.kctcs.edu/Henderson?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/rethinking-power-theater/docview/2250227270/se-2?accountid=11368 Accessed 13 Jul. 2022.

In-Text Citation: (Guinier par. 4).

If the pages in the online article are listed, include the page numbers as usual. If the pages are not numbered, be sure to include a paragraph or section number where the relevant information can be found.

Article in an online Scholarly Journal that also appears in print:

Works Cited Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Article Title." Journal Title Volume, Issue Number, Year, Pages. URL. Date Accessed.

Quisenberry, A. C. “Kentucky Troops In The War Of 1812.” Register of Kentucky State Historical Society, vol. 10, no. 30, 1912, pp. 47–66. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23367236. Accessed 13 Jul. 2022.

In-Text Citation: (Quisenberry 58).

Website

Works Cited Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of work." Website name. Publisher or Sponsor of Site. Date of publication (if no date is available, use n.d.). URL. Date of access.

Rosseter, Robert. "Student Enrollment Rises in U.S. Nursing Colleges and Universities for the 6th Consecutive Year." Nursing World. 22 Dec. 2016. www.nursingworld.com/3442. Accessed 5 Jan. 2017.

In-Text Citation: (Rosseter).

Personal Communications

Works Cited Format:

Author. "Subject Line." Message to paper's author. Date. Method of Communication. Smith, Harold. "Re: Library Remodeling." E-mail to Saundra Ross. 5 Jan. 2011. E-mail.

In-Text Citation:

Instead of an in-text citation, use a signal phrase to identify the source:

According to library director Harold Smith, the new carpeting will be installed by the summer of 2006.

Other Helpful Examples

Works Cited List:

Two sources by the same author:

Ball, Richard. "Goethe and the Book of Everything." Journal of Goethe, vol.4, no.8, 2010, pp. 124-38.

---. The Book of Knowledge. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.

Additional Resources:

Citation Guide: U.S. Congressional Documents Library of Congress

Introduction to Basic Legal Citation by Peter W. Martin (Cornell Law School)

Citing Maps and Atlases North Carolina State University Libraries

Does not need to be cited:

Common knowledge
Well-known quotations or proverbs
Your own ideas and discoveries

Needs to be cited:

Direct quotations
Paraphrases or summaries
Another person's ideas
Statistics, charts, tables, and graphs

10/31/12